1. Introduction and disease overviewReferences
2. Incretin hormones as a target for therapyIncretin hormone physiology The incretin-producing cellGIP and GLP-1 actionMeasurement of the incretin hormonesIncretin action in healthy individualsIncretin action in patients with type 2 diabetesTherapeutics applicationReferences
3. Glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists Introduction GLP-1 receptor agonists Extrapancreatic effects GLP-1 receptor agonists Pancreatic safety Perspectives References
4. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors Introduction Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics Efficacy Combination therapy Use in specific patient populations Conclusions References
5. Global position and recommendations for use Introduction American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of EndocrinologyAmerican Diabetes Association /European Association for the Study of DiabetesInternational Diabetes Federation National Institute of Health and Care Excellence Using incretin-based therapies in clinical practice Availability and licences References
6. Future and emerging therapies Introduction Once-weekly agents under investigation Subcutaneous implants Investigational DPP-4 inhibitors and fixed-dose combination with SGLT2 inhibitors Other indications for incretin therapiesDPP-4 inhibitorsReferences
2. Incretin hormones as a target for therapyIncretin hormone physiology The incretin-producing cellGIP and GLP-1 actionMeasurement of the incretin hormonesIncretin action in healthy individualsIncretin action in patients with type 2 diabetesTherapeutics applicationReferences
3. Glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists Introduction GLP-1 receptor agonists Extrapancreatic effects GLP-1 receptor agonists Pancreatic safety Perspectives References
4. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors Introduction Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics Efficacy Combination therapy Use in specific patient populations Conclusions References
5. Global position and recommendations for use Introduction American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of EndocrinologyAmerican Diabetes Association /European Association for the Study of DiabetesInternational Diabetes Federation National Institute of Health and Care Excellence Using incretin-based therapies in clinical practice Availability and licences References
6. Future and emerging therapies Introduction Once-weekly agents under investigation Subcutaneous implants Investigational DPP-4 inhibitors and fixed-dose combination with SGLT2 inhibitors Other indications for incretin therapiesDPP-4 inhibitorsReferences
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