This book is the first modern theory of Iranian history. It explains Iran's history and politics - past, recent and present - and solves many of the puzzles that both lay and professional observers have long felt about them. For example, it shows why there was a revolution in 1905-6 for democracy and modernisation, and one in 1977-79 for an Islamic republic (or Communist state). Or why many of the Iranians who, in 1979, angrily supported the occupation and hostage-taking of American diplomats in Tehran, are now emotionally pro-American and wish that the United States would help them directly in changing Iran's regime. The book offers a completely new and alternative approach to the understanding of Iranian history, politics and society, and its consequences for political action and behaviour in that country.