This work describes the physical principles of the technique of polarization spectroscopy and its applications to remote sensing. Transport phenomena and local anisotropies can be studied. The theoretical part of the book considers the basic phenomena of the ordering of the velocities of fast exciting charged particles. The polarization of the outer electron shells of excited atoms or molecules is described, and a variety of effects are examined in detail. An integral equation is derived which gives the intensity and polarization of emitted lines. Methods for solving the equation are analyzed. Universal spectropolarimetric remote sensing has been applied to low-pressure gas discharges in the laboratory and to non-thermal processes in the solar atmosphere. The book is designed for researchers interested in the remote sensing of ionized gases.