This book presents a collection of focused review papers on the advances in topics in modern astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology and planetary science. The chapters are written by expert members of an EU-funded ERASMUS+ program of strategic partnership between several European institutes.
The 13 reviews comprise the topics:

Space debris, optical measurements
Meteors, light from comets and asteroids
Extrasolar enigmas: from disintegrating exoplanets to exo-asteroids
Physical conditions and chemical abundances in photoionized nebulae from optical spectra
Observational Constraints on the Common Envelope Phase
A modern guide to quantitative spectroscopy of massive OB stars
Explosion mechanisms of core-collapse supernovae and their observational signatures
Low-mass and substellar eclipsing binaries in stellar clusters
Globular cluster systems and Galaxy Formation
Hot atmospheres of galaxies, groups, and clusters of galaxies
The establishment of the Standard Cosmological Model through observations
Exploiting solar visible-range observations by inversion techniques: from flows in the solar subsurface to a flaring atmosphere
Starburst galaxies


The book is intended for the general astronomical community as well as for advanced students who could use it as a guideline, inspiration and overview for their future careers in astronomy.