Sorcery or Science? examines how two Sufi Muslim theologians who rose to prominence in the western Sahara Desert in the late eighteenth century, Sidi al-Mukhtar al-Kunti (d. 1811) and his son and successor, Sidi Muhammad al-Kunti (d. 1826), decisively influenced the development of Sufi Muslim thought in West Africa. Known as the Kunta scholars, al-Mukhtar al-Kunti and Muhammad al-Kunti were influential teachers who developed a pedagogical network of students across the Sahara. In exploring their understanding of the realm of the unseen"-a vast, invisible world that is both surrounded and interpenetrated by the visible world-Ariela Marcus-Sells reveals how these theologians developed a set of practices, called "the sciences of the unseen," that depended on knowledge of this unseen world and that allowed practitioners to manipulate the visible and invisible realms. While they acknowledged that some Muslims-particularly self-identified "white" Muslim elites-might consider these methods to be "sorcery," the Kunta scholars argued that these were a legitimate part of Islamic teaching. Marcus-Sells situates their ideas and beliefs within the historical and cultural context of the Sahara Desert, surveying the cosmology and metaphysics of the realm of the unseen and the history of magical discourses within the Hellenistic and Arabo-Islamic worlds. Erudite and innovative, this volume connects the Islamic sciences of the unseen with the reception of Hellenistic discourses of magic and proposes a new methodology for reading written devotional aids in historical context.