Updating Neanderthals: Understanding Behavioural Complexity in the Late Middle Palaeolithic provides the most up-to-date and comprehensive knowledge of Neanderthals who lived throughout the European and Asian continents. Focusing on the last phase of Neanderthal settlements and behaviours in Europe, the levant, and across Asian regions, the book synthesises historical information about the study of Middle Palaeolithic populations and presents the current debates about their biology, subsistence, technology, and social and cognitive behaviours. Written by international experts on the Middle Palaeolithic, the book explores the diversity and variability of human adaptations and behaviours in the changing climate and environment of the Late Pleistocene, and the relationship between these behaviours, demography, and cognitive capabilities. The book also discusses theoretical issues and shows how novel methods have improved our knowledge of human evolution. It also explores the new findings about the Denisovans and the arrival of Homo sapiens. The complete multidisciplinary approach includes archaeology, palaeoecology, genetics, and palaeoanthropology, transcending a 'case study approach' to present Neanderthals in the most complete way. This book is a vital reference for researchers, students, and advanced amateurs in prehistory, archaeology, human evolution studies, evolutionary psychology, palaeoecology, and cultural evolution. Key Features Offers a comprehensive update on the variability and diversity of Neanderthal behaviours during the Late Pleistocene, Presents an interdisciplinary reconstruction of Neanderthals by assessing archaeology, palaeoecology, palaeoecology, palaeoanthropology genetics, and cognition, Critically reviews the reliability of archaeological data and the theoretical and methodological advances of the past 30 years Book jacket.