While William Morris (1834-1896) is generally considered one of the most important cultural and political figures of late Victorian England, there is avid disagreement on the way in which we can understand the interconnections between his aesthetic commitments (as a celebrated poet and decorative artist influenced by Pre-Raphaelitism and Aestheticism) and his later revolutionary socialist advocacy. As opposed to dominant interpretations within Morris scholarship, Bradley J. Macdonald argues for the importance of understanding the role a "critical notion of beauty" had in moving Morris toward a theory of socialism that took seriously the way in which desire, pleasure, and "beauty" (as applied to all externals of human life, not just art works) could be regenerated only through radical transformations in socioeconomic life. Consequently, William Morris's development represents an interesting example of cultural politics. Given this genealogy, Macdonald clarifies, Morris's mature political theory incorporated a very important commitment to not just economic justice, but also, among other distinctive applications; ecological sustainability, making him one of the first eco-socialist theorists within the Western tradition, and also an early proponent of what is today known as "degrowth communism."