This book describes The Eye and Its Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases
This is a collection of books that I have written over the years about eye disorders.
Most of them have been updated.
“The eyes are the window of the soul”.
The eyes are also the organs of vision in the human body.
There is a pair of eyes in every person.
The eyeball is a bilateral and sphere-shaped organ which holds the structures accountable for sight.
The eye is made up of 3 layers:
The outer fibrous layer comprising the cornea and sclera which are continuous with each other..
Their main functions are to supply the appearance to the eye and support the deeper structures.
The sclera comprises the majority of the fibrous layer (about 85%).
It supplies attachment to the extra-ocular muscles responsible for the movement of the eye.
It is seen as the white part of the eye.
The cornea is transparent and placed centrally at the front of the eye.
Light that enters the eye is refracted by the cornea and lens.
The cornea does about 75% of the work and the lens about 25% but the cornea has fixed focus power and the lens variable focus power.
The middle vascular layer of the eye is below the fibrous layer comprising:
Choroid – (layer of connective tissue and blood vessels).
Ciliary body comprised of two parts (ciliary muscle and ciliary processes).
The ciliary body regulates the shape of the lens, and adds to the formation of aqueous humorIris is a circular structure of tissue, with an aperture in the center (the pupil).
The diameter of the pupil is changed by smooth muscle fibers within the iris, innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
The inner layer of the eye is produced by the retina
The retina comprises 2 layers:
- Pigmented (outer) layer
- Neural (inner) layer comprises photoreceptors.
The retina contains the receptive light rods and cones which function as photoreceptors that transmit received images to the brain through the optic nerve.
The center of the retina is marked by an area termed the macula, an important part of color vision
The aqueous humor is a clear fluid that is maintained:
a. the anterior chamber between the cornea and the iris
b. the posterior chamber between the iris and the lens.
If the drainage of aqueous humor is blocked, a disorder known as glaucoma can result.
The vitreous body comprises a transparent gel which fills the posterior segment of the eyeball
Occasionally, as the gel liquefies and the meshwork collapses, the posterior vitreous membrane can slide or suddenly pull off from its attachment with the retina or optic nerve, resulting in visual floaters or flashes
The flexible lens is kept in place to the ciliary body by the suspensory ligament made up of fine transparent fibers.
The shape of the lens is changed by the ciliary body, altering its refractive power.
In old age, the lens can turn opaque forming a cataract.
If there is no symptoms and low risk for eye disease, the person should have a complete eye examination every 1 to 2 years.
The risk of developing cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration increases slightly with each passing year.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Chapter 1 The Eye
Chapter 2 Eyesight
a. Myopia
b. Hypermetropia
c. Presbyopia
d. Astigmatism
e. My spectacles
Chapter 3 Eyelid
a. Entropion
b. Ectropion
c. Chalazion
d. Stye
e. Blepheritis
f. Ptosis
Chapter 4 Eye Duct
a. Dry Eye
b. Tear duct Blocked
Chapter 5 Conjunctiva
a. Conjunctivitis
b. Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Chapter 6 Cataract
Chapter 7 Glaucoma
Chapter 8 AMD
Chapter 9 Retinal Detachment
Chapter 10 Corneal Ulcers
Chapter 11 Uveitis
Chapter 12 Systemic Eye Diseases
a. Diabetes Retinopathy
b. Thyroid Eye Disease
Chapter 13 Other eye diseases
a. Lazy Eye and Squint
b. Floaters and Flashes
c. Retinitis Pigmentosa
d. Diplopia
Chapter 14 The Third Eye (Pineal Gland)
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