This book describes Bone Diseases, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases

Bones are rigid organs that provide support and protection of the different organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals.

The bones that comprise the skeleton are all very much alive, growing and changing all the time like other parts of the body.

There are many disorders of the skeleton.

A.Osteoporosis is a disease of bone density leading to a higher risk of fracture.

In osteoporosis:

1.The bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced,

2.Bone micro architecture is interrupted, and

3.The quantity and range of non-collagenous proteins in bone is changed.

B. Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone tissue by pyogenic bacteria and fungus.

The causes of Osteomyelitis are

1.Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (80%).

2.Streptococci Group A & B

3.Enterobacter species

4.Hemophilus influenzae

5.Pneumococci

6.Salmonellae

Systemic mycotic (fungal) infections may also cause osteomyelitis.

1.Blastomyces dermatitidis

2.Coccidioides immitis.

Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent bacteria in osteomyelitis resulting from bone injury and infection.

C. Paget’s disease is a widespread disease of bones often involving excessive bone resorption and replacement by coarse trabecular bone resulting in abnormal histological patterns and gross deformities.

Paget’s disease is a chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and misshapen bones.

Paget’s disease is caused by the excessive breakdown and formation of bone followed by disorganized bone remodeling.

This causes affected bone to weaken resulting in pain, misshapen bones, fractures and arthritis in the joints near the affected bones.

D.A fracture is a break usually in a bone.

If the broken bone punctures the skin, it is called an open or compound fracture.

Fractures often happen because of car accidents, falls or sports injuries.

Other causes are low bone density and osteoporosis which cause weakened bones.

Overuse can cause stress fractures which are very small cracks in the bone.

Common types of fractures are:

1.Stable fracture.

The broken ends of the bone line up and are barely out of place

It can be reduced by closed reduction and POP bandaging

2.Open, compound fracture.

The skin may be pierced by the bone or by a blow that breaks the skin at the time of the fracture.

This may require surgical debridement and reduction under sterile condition.

3.Transverse fracture has a horizontal fracture line caused by direct trauma of indirect trauma.

It is reduced by adduction or abduction followed by POP bandaging

4.Oblique fracture has an angled pattern.

This can still be reduced through closed reduction and POP bandaging

5.Comminuted fracture -the bone shatters into three or more pieces

E.Osteomalacia is a metabolic bone condition in adults featured by the lack of mineralization of the bone or osteoid matrix although the osteoid is otherwise normal and the osteoid bone is unaltered.

Osteomalacia occurs:

1.When there are vitamin D deficiencies due to diet, malnutrition, inadequate sunlight

2.Certain medicines can cause Osteomalacia

a.Heparin

b.Anti-seizure medications phenytoin and phenobarbital

c.Oral corticosteroids

F.Osteoarthritis is a degenerative medical disorder of the joints in the human body, mainly due to aging and wear and tear.

The cartilage lining of the joint is worn down such that the underlying bone comes into contact with each other causing pain and swelling.

G. Multiple myeloma is malignant cells of the bone marrow which occurs from the uncontrolled growth of plasma cells.

New biological therapy and stem cells have improved the treatment of multiple myeloma and osteosarcoma.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Introduction

Chapter 1 The Bone

Chapter 2 Bone and Diseases

Chapter 3 Paget’s Disease of Bone

Chapter 4 Fracture

Chapter 5 Osteomalacia

Chapter 6 Osteoarthritis

Chapter 7 Osteomyelitis

Chapter 8 Multiple Myeloma

Epilogue