This book provides a systematic presentation of some of the most relevant contemporary major theories of human cognition. Each theory is analyzed in terms of their origins, central idea, central theoretical elements, empirical evidence and major criticism. This analysis shows the advantages and disadvantages in each theoretical system, thus providing reasonable means for evaluating and comparing these proposals. The discussions are often supported by empirical research, mainly from fields such as cognitive science, cognitive neuroscience and artificial intelligence, and they are combined with rigorous theoretical and argument analysis. The content, therefore, can be helpful for many contemporary central debates concerning the topic of human cognition.