This report explores the challenges and opportunities for enhancing cross-border cooperation and integration between Indonesia---specifically the province of Nusa Tenggara Timur---and Timor-Leste. It is based on the findings of a study undertaken at the request of the governments of Indonesia and Timor-Leste and reflects their mutual appreciation of the benefits that greater cross-border trade, investment, and cooperative production contribute to socioeconomic development. The report focuses on transport connectivity, trade, business and investment, tourism, and livestock. It makes immediate and long-term recommendations to inform the design of future activities to support cross-border cooperation between the two countries.