This book describes Kidney Diseases, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases
The kidneys are the 2 bean-shaped organs in the urinary system.
They assist the body to pass waste as urine.
They also assist filter blood before sending it back to the heart.
The kidneys do many essential functions, such as:
- Maintenance of overall fluid balance
- Regulation and filtration of minerals from blood
- Filtration of waste materials from food, medicines, and toxic substances
- Producing hormones that help produce red blood cells, promote bone health, and regulate blood pressure
Nephrons are the most essential part of each kidney.
They receive blood, metabolize nutrients, and help pass out waste products from filtered blood.
Each nephron starts in a renal corpuscle made of a glomerulus containing numerous capillaries enclosed in a Bowman’s capsule.
Proteins and other large molecules are filtered and moved out of the oxygenated blood in the glomerulus and pass into Bowman’s capsule and the tubular fluid contained within.
Blood goes on to flow around the nephron until it reaches another capillary-rich region the peritubular capillaries, where the filtered molecules are reabsorbed from the tubule of the nephron.
Tubular re-absorption is the method by which solutes and water are eliminated from the tubular fluid and transported into the blood.
Re-absorption is a two-step method starting with the active or passive extraction of substances from the tubule fluid into the renal interstitium, and then the movement of these substances from the interstitium into the bloodstream
Because of all of the critical functions the kidneys do and the toxins they encounter, the kidneys are susceptible to different problems.
Some of these disorders are: - Chronic kidney disease
- Kidney failure
- Kidney stones
- Glomerulonephritis
- Acute nephritis
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Urinary tract infections
- Caliectasis
- Acidosis
- Uremia
- Hydronephrosis
- Pyelonephritis
- Kidney cysts
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Azotemia
Kidney disorders can cause a variety of symptoms.
Some frequent ones are: - Trouble sleeping
- Fatigue
- Inability to concentrate
- Dry, itchy skin
- Increased or decreased urination
- Blood in urine
- Foamy urine
- Puffiness around the eyes
- Foot or ankle swelling
- Reduced appetite
- Muscle cramps
Diagnosis is by:
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measure how well the kidneys are functioning
Ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) Scan reveal any tumors or structural disorder such as cysts, stones
Kidney biopsy to find out the type of kidney disease
Urine test for albumin lost through leaky kidney
Blood creatinine test is high if the kidneys are not working properly
Treatment for kidney disease normally focuses on controlling the underlying cause of the disease.
Drugs and medicines such as ACI or ARB for high blood pressure, statins for cholesterol
Dietary and lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise for diabetes and hypertension
Reduce weight or alcohol or smoking
Dialysis and kidney disease
Where there is serious dysfunction of the kidneys, Hemodialysis is done by pumping into into a special machine that filters out waste products and fluid.
Peritoneal dialysis is done when the peritoneum (membrane that lines the abdominal wall) does the functions of the kidneys.
A tube is implanted and utilized to fill the abdomen with a fluid called dialysate.
Waste products in the blood pass from the peritoneum into the dialysate
Kidney cancer, polycystic kidneys, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, kidney stones are serious kidney diseases that may cause pain and lead to kidney failure.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Chapter 1 Kidney
Chapter 2 Diseases
Chapter 3 Polycystic Kidney
Chapter 4 Glomerulonephritis
Chapter 5 Nephrotic Syndrome
Chapter 6 Kidney Stones
Chapter 7 Kidney Failure
Chapter 8 Kidney Cancer
Epilogue
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