This eBook release, titled "PART II" is part of the "PROFESSIONALISM IN CLINICAL PRACTICE SERIES." It specifically addresses the optimisation of antibiotic efficacy and safety for infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria. The eBook covers a total of twenty distinct topics. Each topic is divided into two parts: keypoints and their references. Each topic typically consists of an average of 12 key points that encompass the relevant subject matter. The following topics are entitled as:

CARABAPENEM ANTIBIOTICS SHOULD BE USED AT A MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION OF 4 µG/ML FOR AMPC-E INFECTIONS

CEFEPIME AS THE PREFERRED TREATMENT FOR ENTEROBACTER. CLOACAE INFECTIONS AND THE UNCERTAINITY OF PIPERACILLIN/TAZOBACTAM AGAINST ESBL-E INFECTIONS

FOR BETA-LACTAM/NON-BETA-LACTAM BETA-LACTAM INHIBITORS, CARBAPENEMASE-PRODUCING ENTEROBACTERIACAE ISOLATES MUST BE ACCURATELY IDENTIFIED. CONSIDERING CEFTOLOZANE-TAZOBACTAM FOR AMPC-E INFECTIONS

NON-BETA LACTAMS COMBINATIONS ARE INITIALLY RECOMMENDED FOR CARBAPENEM RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACAE ASSOCIATED UNCOMPLICATED URINARY TRACT INFECTION

TIGECYCLINE AND ERAVACYCLINE ARE EFFECTIVE FOR KLEBSIELLA PRODUCING CARBAPENAMSES, WHILE CEFTAZIDIME-AVIBACTAM AND CEFIDEROCOL ARE PREFERRED ANTIBIOTICS FOR NEW DELHI AND OTHER METALLO-Β-LACTAMASE-PRODUCING INFECTIONS

TIGECYCLINE AND ERAVACYCLINE CAN TREAT CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACAE INFECTIONS, BUT MONOTHERAPY MAY INCREASE MORTALITY. POLYMYXINS' CLINICAL EFFICACY AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING RELIABILITY ARE CONCERNS

AVOID COMBINATION ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY FOR CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACE INFECTIONS AND USE CONVENTIONAL NON-CARBAPENEM Β-LACTAM AGENTS

AMINOGLYCOSIDES CAN SUBSTITUTE NEWER BETA-LACTAM/BETA-LACTAMASES INHIBITORS FOR UNCOMPLICATED CYSTITIS CAUSED BY DIFFICULT TO TREAT PSEUDOMONAS AUROGONISA. COLISTIN IS A VIABLE OPTION AND CEFIDEROCOL IS A FEASIBLE ALTERNATIVE

A SECOND ROUND OF ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING FOR RECENT Β-LACTAMS IN PATIENTS WITH UNCOMPLICATED CYSTITIS CAUSED BY DIFFICULT TO TREAT PSEUDOMONAS AUROGONISA IS STRONGLY RECOMMENDED. FOR RECURRENT INFECTIONS, IMIPENEM-CILASTATIN-RELEBACTAM OR CEFIDEROCOL MAY BE CONSIDERED

CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII IS A HEALTHCARE CHALLENGE. AND NEBULIZED ANTIBIOTICS FOR HARD-TO-TREAT RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS STILL DOUBTFUL CLINICAL EFFICACY

AMPICILLIN-SULBACTAM WITH ANOTHER DRUG REDUCED MORTALITY AND NEPHROTOXICITY BEST FOR HIGH-LOAD CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII

HIGH-DOSE AMPICILLIN-SULBACTAM IS RECOMMENDED AS THE MAIN THERAPY FOR CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII INFECTIONS. POLYMYXIN B IS RECOMMENDED OVER COLISTIN. TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVES LIKE MINOCYCLINE AND TIGECYCLINE ARE PREFERRED FOR THEIR LONG-TERM CLINICAL USE

HIGH-DOSE MINOCYCLINE OR TIGECYCLINE WITH ANOTHER AGENT FOR CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII INFECTION MANAGEMENT IS ADVISED. AVOID CEFIDEROCOL AND OMADACYCLINE. AT THIS TIME, TRIPLE-COMBINATION THERAPIES ARE NOT ADVISED

NEBULIZED ANTIBIOTICS ARE NOT RECOMMENDED YET FOR TREATING RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS CAUSED BY CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII AND STENOTROPHOMONAS MALTOPHILIA DUE TO LACK OF EVIDENCES ON THE CLINICAL EFFICACY

HIGH DOSE TRIMETHOPRIM / SULFAMETHOXAZOLE, MINOCYCLINE/TIGECYCLINE, CEFIDEROCOL, LEVOFLOXACIN, OR A COMBINATION CAN TREAT STENOTROPHOMONAS MALTOPHILIA. COMBINATION THERAPY IMPROVES RESULTS

STENOTROPHOMONAS MALTOPHILIA ISOLATES EXHIBIT RESISTANCE TO STANDARD DOSE TRIMETHOPRIM / SULFAMETHOXAZOLE, HIGH-DOSE MINOCYCLINE IS RECOMMENDED FOR TREATMENT, BUT CEFTAZIDIME-AVIBACTAM ARE RECOMMENDED FOR SEVERE CASES

RAPID DIAGNOSTICS AND PREDICTIVE SCORING LOSE EFFECTIVENESS. RECOMMENDED: A COMPREHENSIVE ALGORITHM AND ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMMES. CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII PNEUMONIA CAN BE TREATED SAFELY AND EFFECTIVELY WITH CEFIDEROCOL OR SULBACTAM / DURLOBACTAM

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS ARE THE MOST COMMON HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS IN COVID-19 PATIENTS. SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS ARE SECOND

EVIDENCE-BASED STRATEGIES AND HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS' CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT INFECTION MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII-CALCOACETICUS EMPHASISES THERAPEUTIC OPTIMISATION

NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR SEVERE COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA INCLUDES OXYGEN, MECHANICAL VENTILATION, AND HIGH-FLOW NASAL CANNULA. CORTICOSTEROIDS HELP SEVERE PNEUMONIA. CEFTOBIPROLE, A FIFTH-GENERATION CEPHALOSPORIN, IS EFFECTIVE AGAINST MSOT GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA BUT NOT AGAINST AMPC-TYPE Β-LACTAMASES

Authors

Clinical Pharmacy Specialist; MOH’D NOUR BANI YOUNES, MSc in Clinical Pharmacy, BCPS, BCCCP, BCNSP, BCACP, and BCIDP

Pharm D: Dua’a Nayef Alqhaiwi