The compilation of essays in this book examines the interrelationships in the Tibetan Buddhist world encompassing Tibet, Mongolia, and Kalmykia, and also sheds a new light on how they encountered the modern world during the late 19th to early 20th centuries. The chapters focus on the perspectives of notable individuals such as the 13th Dalai Lama, and the 8th Jebtsundamba, in the Tibetan Buddhist world, rather than on great power relations between countries such as Britain, Russia and China. This volume, using valuable primary sources, contributes to a better appreciation of trans-regional personal and material exchanges among Tibetan Buddhists beyond national borders.