In the early modern period, the nearest precursor of the modern presidential suffrage were the elections for king that were held in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth-literally named a 'republic' by its contemporaries. The only other place in Europe with similar succession rules was Transylvania, where rulers were also elected by the estates. These experiments in large-scale suffrage were noisy, uncertain, and hazardous affairs that threatened public stability and
were highly susceptible to inner divisions and outside influence. Regardless of the dangers involved, the Transylvanian and Polish-Lithuanian estates insisted on their right to 'free elections', which
they perceived as one of their fundamental liberties. In both countries, the elective system was reformed and radicalized in the 1570s. This book examines these institutional and constitutional transformations through the prism of three elections that took place in this period.