Throughout the twentieth century, Islamic movements have exerted a considerable influence on political and social developments throughout the Muslim world. This book discusses the most influential Islamic movements of the past century in the context of the socio-political developments of their time, such as the creation of Pakistan and the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Prominent movements in Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, India, Pakistan, Iran, Libya, North American and Turkey are discussed in this diverse and comprehensive work. this book is part of a series of translations from the Encyclopaedia of the Worlds of Islam (EWI) which was originally compiled in Persian. Other entries from this encyclopaedia which are available in English include Hawza-yi 'Ilmiyya, Hadith, History and Historiography, Periodicals of the Muslim World, Political Parties, Qur'anic Exegeses, Qur'anic Exegesis, Sufism and Education in the Islamic Civilisation.