This study argues that even though Indonesia has been able to sustain its authority in Papua since its diplomatic victory over the Netherlands in 1962, this authority is fragile. The authors pose and answer the following question: If Jakarta is determined to keep Papua part of the Indonesian nationbased on the consent of the Papuan peoplewhat changes in the governance of Papua are necessary to bring this about?Published by East-West Center Washington. Available exclusively from ISEAS for distribution in Asia.