For millennia, walled citadels have served both as residences for rulers and military forces and as sacred centers embodying the power of the elite. The outcome of a symposium organized by Koc University's Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations, the essays in this volume are by leading scholars on the area that is now Turkey, from the first millennium BC through the fourteenth century AD. They examine the phenomenon of citadels in a comparative perspective in Anatolia and neighboring regions. Archaeology, art history, and history are brought to bear on the phenomenon of the citadel in its urban context.