The present book represents one of two volumes which arose from the results of an international congress in honor of the 150th anniversary of the discovery of the famous Neanderthal fossils. It complements the paleontologically orientated volume (edited by G.-C. Weniger and S. Condemi) and has its focus on multiple aspects of archaeological investigation on Neanderthal lifeways. In-depth studies of top-ranking scientists, incorporating a variety of different regions and time frames, provide a detailed and comprehensive survey of contemporary research. Subdivided into five major fields of study -- chronology, subsistence, technology, land use and cultural adaptations among late Neanderthals -- the volume covers a wide range of innovative approaches.