1. Introduction.- 2. Fractional Calculus.- 2.1. One-dimensional Fractional Calculus.- 2.2. Multidimensional Fractional Calculus.- 3. Fractional Calculus of Variations.- 3.1. Fractional Euler-Lagrange Equations.- 3.2. Fractional Embedding of Euler-Lagrange Equations.- 4. Standard Methods in Fractional Variational Calculus.- 4.1. Properties of Generalized Fractional Integrals.- 4.2. Fundamental Problem.- 4.3. Free Initial Boundary.- 4.4. Isoperimetric Problem.- 4.5. Noether's Theorem.- 4.6. Variational Calculus in Terms of a Generalized Integral.- 4.7. Generalized Variational Calculus of Several Variables.- 4.8. Conclusion.- 5. Direct Methods in Fractional Calculus of Variations.- 5.1. Existence of a Minimizer for a Generalized Functional.- 5.2. Necessary Optimality Condition for a Minimizer.- 5.3. Some Improvements.- 5.4. Conclusion.- 6. Application to the Sturm-Liouville Problem.- 6.1. Useful Lemmas.- 6.2. The Fractional Sturm-Liouville Problem.- 7. Conclusion.- Appendix - Two Convergence Lemmas.- Index.